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Safety and Effectiveness of the Endeavor Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent in Real-World Clinical Practice

12-Month Data From the E-Five Registry

Chaim Lotan, MD^_*,_*, Ian T. Meredith, MBBS, PhD, Laura Mauri, MD, MSc, Minglei Liu, PhD, Martin T. Rothman, MB, ChB^|| for the E-Five Investigators

^_* Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Monash Heart Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
Medtronic CardioVascular, Santa Rosa, California
^|| The London Chest Hospital, Barts, and The London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

	Abstract

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Appendix REFERENCES

 
Objectives: The E-Five registry was designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent (ZES) (Medtronic CardioVascular, Santa Rosa, California) for the treatment of coronary artery stenosis across a wide range of patients treated in real-world clinical practice settings.

Background: Early clinical trials with the Endeavor ZES have demonstrated low rates of target lesion revascularization with a favorable safety profile including low late stent thrombosis with up to 4 years of follow-up. A clinical registry was designed to complement controlled trial data by examining a large patient population, including high-risk patient subsets.

Methods: The E-Five registry is a prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter global registry conducted at 188 centers worldwide. Adult patients (n = 8,314) with coronary artery disease who underwent single-vessel or multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled. The primary end point was the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12 months. A secondary analysis stratified patients by standard versus extended-use clinical and lesion characteristics.

Results: Overall 12-month outcome rates were MACE 7.5%; cardiac death 1.7%; myocardial infarction (all) 1.6%; target lesion revascularization 4.5%; and stent thrombosis (Academic Research Consortium definite and probable) 1.1%. The 12-month MACE rates were 4.3% and 8.6% for standard- and extended-use patients, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: This large, international multicenter registry provides important information regarding the long-term safety and efficacy of the Endeavor ZES across standard and extended-use patients in the real-world setting. Rates of MACE and measures of safety including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis were low and consistent with pooled results of clinical trials. (E-Five Registry: A World-Wide Registry With The Endeavor Zotarolimus Eluting Coronary Stent [eFive Registry]; NCT00623441)

Key Words: coronary artery lesion • drug-eluting stent • multicenter registry • restenosis • stent thrombosis

Abbreviations and Acronyms   ARC = Academic Research Consortium   BMS = bare-metal stent(s)   CEC = clinical events committee   CK-MB = creatine kinase-myocardial band   DES = drug-eluting stent(s)   MACE = major adverse cardiac events   MI = myocardial infarction   PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention   PES = paclitaxel-eluting stent(s)   SES = sirolimus-eluting stent(s)   TLR = target lesion revascularization   TVF = target vessel failure   TVR = target vessel revascularization   ZES = zotarolimus-eluting stent(s)

Clinical registries are excellent complements to randomized controlled studies because they provide insight into the performance of DES in broader patient populations as well as special patient subsets. The E-Five registry is a prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter global registry conducted at 188 centers in Europe, Asia/Pacific, and Latin America designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent (ZES) (Medtronic CardioVascular, Santa Rosa, California) in routine treatment of patients with coronary artery stenosis, including patients with clinical characteristics or lesion types that are often excluded from randomized controlled trials (6). The registry includes over 8,000 adult patients who underwent single-vessel or multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The primary end point was the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12 months (6).

The Endeavor ZES received Conformité Européenne (CE) marking in August 2005 and U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in February 2008. The safety and efficacy of the Endeavor ZES has been evaluated in a number of clinical trials, and the results consistently show low rates of angiographic restenosis and repeat revascularization as well as a favorable safety profile, with a low rate of late stent thrombosis beyond 12 months of follow-up (4,7–12).

Preliminary 30-day data for 1,989 patients enrolled in the E-Five registry were published in 2007 (6). The acute procedure success rate was 98.6%, which is comparable with procedure success rates observed in previous Endeavor ZES clinical trials. The 30-day rate of MACE in these patients was 1.7%, which is also comparable with 30-day rates of MACE observed in previous Endeavor clinical trials.

This report describes 12-month safety and clinical data from the E-Five registry for all patients in the registry and further examines the outcomes among patients with clinical and lesion characteristics similar to those enrolled in randomized clinical trials (standard-use group) compared with patients with more complex clinical (e.g., acute MI) and lesion (e.g., bifurcation, left main) characteristics (extended-use group) (Fig. 1).

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Figure 1 Patient and Lesion Characteristics of Extended-Use Group Patients Distribution and specific characteristics defining the extended-use group are shown (right). All other patients made up the standard-use group. AMI = acute myocardial infarction; RVD = reference vessel diameter.

	Methods

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Appendix REFERENCES

Study population and protocol.   All patients with coronary artery lesions suitable for stenting were eligible for recruitment in the registry. Consecutive patients for whom implantation with an Endeavor ZES was intended were enrolled at the time of stent introduction into the guiding catheter. The registry population included a large number of patients with clinical and lesion characteristics that did not fit the standard-use criteria of previous clinical trials and thus are included in an extended-use group. The extended-use group was defined as patients with a baseline acute MI (within 72 h), left main stenting, saphenous vein grafts, in-stent restenosis, bifurcated or ostial lesions, severe tortuosity, multivessel stenting, moderate/severe calcification, reference vessel diameter <2.5 mm or >3.5 mm, lesion length >27 mm, or moderate or severe renal impairment. All other patients were classified as standard use.

Patients were permitted to have 1 or more Endeavor ZES implanted, and implantation of BMS or other DES was allowed if the investigators deemed it beneficial.

Before stent implantation, all patients received daily aspirin per their physician's usual practice and either clopidogrel 75 mg/day for 3 days before the procedure or a preprocedural loading dose of clopidogrel (at least 300 mg). The recommended maintenance regimen was clopidogrel 75 mg/day for at least 12 weeks and at least 75 mg/day of aspirin indefinitely. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were allowed at physician discretion.

Clinical follow-up was scheduled at 30 days, 6 months, and 12 months and consisted of telephone or in-office assessments. Patients were followed for 12 months to determine the mid-term clinical outcome of the index procedure.

This study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The medical ethics committees approved the study protocol at sites at which such approval was required. In other cases, the medical ethics committees were notified of the study or investigators signed a statement before patient enrollment confirming that neither approval by nor notification of their ethics committees was necessary and that this approach was in accordance with local regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Device description.   There are 3 main components of the Endeavor ZES: 1) the cobalt alloy stent; 2) zotarolimus (10 µg/mm stent length), an antiproliferative drug that is a synthetic analog of sirolimus and has a similar mechanism of action; and 3) a proprietary biomimetic phosphorylcholine polymer coating. The Endeavor ZES is available in diameters of 2.25 to 4.0 mm and in lengths of 8 to 30 mm.

Data collection and management.   Data were recorded on web-based electronic case report forms. For quality control purposes, clinical sites were randomly monitored, and 10% of the data was monitored.

The following data were collected at baseline: eligibility criteria, demographic data, cardiac risk factors, current cardiac status, lesion characteristics, and results from pre-procedure angiography. Visual estimation of lesion characteristics in relation to the index procedure was performed by the operator and recorded. Cardiac enzymes were measured after the procedure according to local hospital practice, including measurement of creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), and troponin.

Data on the index procedure, including the number of lesions treated, devices used, and the implantation technique, were recorded as well as the angiographic outcome (visual), antiplatelet medications used, MACE, and electrocardiography results. During discharge and after 30 days, 6 months, and 12 months, current cardiac status, antiplatelet medications, and MACE events were recorded. If a non–Q-wave or Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) occurred after PCI, peak CK and CK-MB values were collected for adjudication by the clinical events committee (CEC). After all ischemic or MACE events, angiographic results and electrocardiograms were collected.

There was no mandatory angiographic follow-up in the protocol; however, if a patient had angiography for revascularization, the angiogram was reviewed by a central CEC (Cardialysis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands). The CEC, consisting of independent cardiologists who were not investigators in the registry, was responsible for adjudicating all reported MACE and stent thrombosis events and classifying the events according to the protocol definitions and, for stent thrombosis, the Academic Research Consortium (ARC) definitions (13).

Study end points.   The primary end point of the E-Five registry was the rate of MACE at 12 months. For this study, we defined MACE as the composite end point of death, MI (Q-wave and non–Q-wave), emergent cardiac bypass surgery, or TLR (repeat percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft). Non–Q-wave MI was defined as elevated CK 2x the upper limit of normal with the presence of elevated CK-MB in the absence of new pathologic Q waves.

Secondary end points were the rates of MACE at 30 days and 6 months; the per protocol stent thrombosis rate (early defined as 0 to 30 days; late defined as 31 to 360 days); the procedural success rate; device success rate; and lesion success rate. Per-protocol stent thrombosis was defined as documented ischemia with angiographic thrombus within the stented vessel at any time or any death attributed to a cardiac cause within the first 30 days in the absence of angiographic confirmation. The ARC-defined definite and probable stent thrombosis rates (early and late) were also analyzed.

Statistical analyses.   With an estimated event rate for MACE at 12 months of approximately 11% and with an assumed loss to follow-up rate of 10%, a sample size of 8,000 patients was needed so that the 95% confidence interval of MACE at 12 months would not exceed 11.7%.

The primary analytical population consisted of all enrolled patients in whom an Endeavor stent was attempted and/or implanted. A secondary analysis compared outcomes in the extended-use and standard patient subgroups.

The baseline demographic and lesion characteristics, procedural characteristics, and the clinical outcomes were estimated and reported for overall population and then for the 2 subgroups. Categorical variables were reported with percentages and counts, and continuous variables were reported with the means and standard deviations. The time to MACE event, stent thrombosis, and TLR were summarized and displayed with cumulative incidence curves by Kaplan-Meier methods.

Extended- and standard-use subgroups were compared for baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes. The p values were calculated with a 2-sample t test for continuous variables or Fisher exact test for categorical variables.

	Results

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Appendix REFERENCES

 
Patient demographic data and characteristics.   In total, 8,314 patients were recruited to the E-Five registry at 188 sites worldwide. Twelve-month data were available for 7,832 (94.2%) of the 8,314 patients enrolled. The mean age was 63.3 ± 11.1 years, and 76.7% of patients were men (Table 1). The incidence of diabetes was 32.7%, acute coronary syndrome occurred in 47.8% of patients, and moderate-to-severe renal impairment was reported in 6.5% of patients (Table 1). The population included patients with clinical risk factors and lesion characteristics not typically studied in randomized clinical trials (Table 2). The extended-use group comprised 6,189 (74.4%) patients (Fig. 1).

Antiplatelet therapy.   At baseline, periprocedure, 90.4% of patients were taking aspirin plus clopidogrel or ticlopidine, 1.9% were taking clopidogrel or ticlopidine alone, 6.1% were taking aspirin alone, and 1.6% of patients were not taking any antiplatelet therapy. The percentage of patients taking dual antiplatelet therapy was 97.9% at 30 days, 85.0% at 6 months, and 61.0% at 12 months.

Clinical outcomes.   Overall results
The 12-month rate of MACE for all patients in the registry was 7.5% (95% confidence interval: 6.9% to 8.1%) (Table 3). Of note, there were no cases of emergent cardiac bypass surgery. Among patients receiving the Endeavor ZES plus a BMS or another DES, the MACE rates were 12.7% and 10.7%, respectively. The 12-month overall incidence of all ARC-defined stent thrombosis was 1.8%. At 12 months, the ARC definite and probable stent thrombosis rate was 1.1%, and the per protocol stent thrombosis rate was 1.0%. The ARC definite and probable late stent thrombosis rate was 0.4%, and the per protocol late stent thrombosis rate was 0.3%. Stent thrombosis rates were 1.4% for patients receiving ZES and BMS and 1.8% for those receiving ZES with another DES. At 12 months, the rate of TLR was 4.5%, nontarget lesion target vessel revascularization (TVR) was 0.7%, TVR was 4.9%, and target vessel failure (TVF) was 7.2%.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Figure 2 Cumulative Incidence of MACE at 12 Months Cumulative incidence curves of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) for all patients and patients in the standard- and extended-use groups at 12 months.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Figure 3 Cumulative Incidence of ARC Definite And Probable Stent Thrombosis at 12 Months Cumulative incidence curves of Academic Research Consortium (ARC) definite and probable stent thrombosis for all patients and patients in the standard- and extended-use groups at 12 months.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Figure 4 Cumulative Incidence of TLR at 12 Months Cumulative incidence curves of target lesion revascularization (TLR) for all patients and patients in the standard- and extended-use groups at 12 months.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Appendix REFERENCES

Outcome data were available for 7,832 of 8,314 patients, which represents a 94.2% 1-year follow-up rate. The low number of patients lost to follow-up compares favorably with other published registries (88% to 95%) (14–16) and further strengthens the validity of the data reported. Additionally, all events related to end points were adjudicated by an independent CEC, and although there was no mandatory angiographic follow-up, if a patient underwent angiography-related revascularization, the angiogram was available for adjudication of the event by the committee. All reported events were adjudicated—unique to registry studies—supporting the high quality of the registry. Additionally, the database was queried for possible events not reported to assure accuracy of the data. Random monitoring of 10% of patients was performed to detect and correct any inaccuracies in the registry data and to check for underreporting of events.

The overall 12-month MACE rate was 7.5%. The rate was 4.3% in the standard group, which was more representative of those enrolled in randomized trials (4,7–11), and 8.6% in the extended-use group. It is important to note that in the E-Five registry the MACE definition included emergent cardiac bypass surgery, which was not included in definitions used by other DES registries (e-Cypher, STENT [Strategic Transcatheter Evaluation of New Therapies] REWARDS [Cypher Registry Experience at the Washington Hospital Center With Drug-Eluting Stents], ARRIVE [The TAXUS Peri-Approval Registry: A Multi-center Safety Surveillance]) (14–17). Overall outcomes reported for the sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) and paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) in recent registry reports suggest that the Endeavor ZES performs similarly to other DES (14–17). The overall rate of MACE at 12 months was reported to be 5.8% for the SES in the e-Cypher registry (13) and at 9 months was 8.0% and 7.5% for the SES and PES groups, respectively, in the STENT registry report (15). The REWARDS registry, which compared outcomes with everolimus-eluting stent and PES placement in over 2,700 consecutive patients treated at a single site, reported no difference in the rate of MACE at 12 months (hazard ratio: 1.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.85 to 1.33), although actual rates were not reported (16).

Stent thrombosis.   Events were adjudicated, unlike other stent registries, to confirm the per protocol and ARC-defined stent thrombosis outcomes. The incidence of ARC definite and probable stent thrombosis was 1.1% overall, with 0.8% occurring early (0 to 30 days) and 0.4% occurring late (31 to 365 days) (Table 3). This value is consistent with the pooled analysis from 6 clinical trials of Endeavor DES (n = 2,132), which revealed an ARC definite and probable stent thrombosis rate of 0.7% among patients without complex indications (18). The per protocol stent thrombosis rates for the Endeavor ZES were 1.0% overall, 0.8% early, and 0.3% late, which are similar to the cumulative 12-month data from the e-Cypher registry, which reported a 0.87% incidence of per protocol stent thrombosis overall with a rate of late stent thrombosis of 0.19% (14). However, the e-Cypher registry used a more restrictive definition of stent thrombosis, requiring angiography or autopsy for definite stent thrombosis and target vessel-related MI or cardiac death for likely stent thrombosis occurring within 30 days of the index procedure. The proportion of patients with SES-related thrombosis who were being treated with dual antiplatelet therapy was 84.1% in eCypher, and 71.5% of patients in ARRIVE with PES thrombosis were receiving dual antiplatelet therapy at 12 months (16,17). Patients receiving the Endeavor ZES experienced a low rate of stent thrombosis, despite a comparatively low 12-month rate (61.0%) of dual antiplatelet therapy.

As expected, the rates of ARC definite and probable stent thrombosis are greater among patients in the extended-use group compared with the standard group (1.4% vs. 0.4%, adjusted p < 0.001). These rates are lower than those reported for PES in the ARRIVE registry, although the patient groups are defined in the same way (1.8% and 0.9% for extended-use and standard-use groups, respectively). Identified factors that might impact the incidence of stent thrombosis include the duration of antiplatelet therapy, the presence of diabetes or acute coronary syndrome, renal failure, low ejection fraction, and bifurcation lesions (19,20), and the ability to compare outcomes across nonrandomized studies is limited by selection bias.

Study limitations.   An important limitation of this study is the potential for underreporting of adverse events. Several measures, including ongoing random monitoring of 10% of patients enrolled and adjudication of events by review of electrocardiogram and laboratory values for MI and angiography for stent thrombosis and revascularization, were employed to minimize this occurrence in E-Five, but the inherent possibility exists for inaccuracy of reported outcomes.

Another limitation of this study is the subjective nature of the lesion length data, which were reported by visual estimation or by local quantitative angiographic methods, but were not collected in a core laboratory.

The importance of adequate antiplatelet therapy during and after stent placement has been highlighted in a number of recent publications and is an element that can be highly variable in real-world patient populations. Premature discontinuation of antiplatelet agents has been shown to increase the incidence of stent thrombosis (21,22). In this registry, 85.0% of patients at 6 months and 61.0% at 12 months were taking dual antiplatelet therapy. It is unclear how long dual antiplatelet therapy should be continued, because late stent thrombosis is reported well beyond 12 months (2,16,19,23,24). Longer follow-up of patients receiving the Endeavor ZES will be necessary to confirm the extended long-term safety of this DES and is being undertaken in a subset of approximately 2,000 patients from this study cohort.

	Conclusions

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Appendix REFERENCES

 
Mid-term results from the E-Five registry suggest that real-world outcomes among over 8,000 consecutive patients with both simple and extended-use characteristics and lesions are comparable to those of the pooled Endeavor clinical trials. The 12-month rate of MACE was comparable to rates reported across other registry trials, and safety outcomes as measured by rates of cardiac death, MI, and stent thrombosis were low, despite the high proportion of patients in the extended-use population. These 12-month results clearly provide evidence for safety and effectiveness of the Endeavor ZES in real-world patients and are consistent with those reported in the ENDEAVOR trials.

	Appendix

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Appendix REFERENCES

 
For a complete list of the E-Five Investigators and institutions, please see the online version of this article.

	Acknowledgments

 
The authors would like to thank Sofia Pateraki, MSc, and Frank Van Leeuwen, MD, Medtronic CardioVascular, for their important contributions to the management and analysis of the study. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Manuela Negoita, MD, Jane Moore, MS, and Colleen Gilbert, PharmD, with manuscript preparation.

	Footnotes

 
A complete list of the E-Five Investigators is provided in the Online Appendix.

This registry is funded by the Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Medtronic CardioVascular, Inc. Dr. Lotan has served as a speaker and advisory board member for Cordis Corporation Medtronic, Inc., and has served as a consultant to Angio Score Ltd. Dr. Meredith has served as an advisory board member for Boston Scientific and Medtronic, Inc. Dr. Mauri has served as a consultant to Cordis and Medtronic, Inc. Dr. Liu is an employee of Medtronic CardioVascular. Dr. Rothman has served as a consultant to Cordis Corporation, Abbott Vascular, Medtronic, Inc., and Lombard Medical Technologies PLC, and has received research/grant support from Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, CardioBridge GmbH, Cordis Corporation, and Medtronic, Inc. Data management was performed by Medtronic CardioVascular.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Chaim Lotan, Director of Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Kiryat Hadassah, P.O. Box 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel (Email: lotan{at}hadassah.org.il).

Manuscript received May 28, 2009; revised manuscript received September 14, 2009, accepted October 5, 2009.

	REFERENCES

Top Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Appendix REFERENCES

 

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