Major Femoral Bleeding Complications After Percutaneous Coronary InterventionIncidence, Predictors, and Impact on Long-Term Survival Among 17,901 Patients Treated at the Mayo Clinic From 1994 to 2005
Brendan J. Doyle, MB, BCh,
Henry H. Ting, MD, MBA,
Malcolm R. Bell, MBBS, FRACP,
Ryan J. Lennon, MS,
Verghese Mathew, MD,
Mandeep Singh, MD,
David R. Holmes, MD,
Charanjit S. Rihal, MD*
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Figure 1 Changing Incidence of Major Femoral Bleeding Complications From 1994 to 2005
The incidence of major femoral bleeding declined significantly from the earliest (8.4%) to the contemporary time period (3.5%).
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Figure 2 Multiple Logistic Regression Model Odds Ratio Estimates for Any Major Femoral Bleeding Complication
Advanced age, female gender, and renal disease predicted increased risk. Procedural predictors included sheath size, use of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors, closure devices, and intensity/duration of anticoagulation with heparin. The partial odds ratio (OR) point estimates for the risk factors listed on the left are plotted as dots; lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals (CI). BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier Curves Depicting Long-Term Survival of Patients With or Without Major Bleeding Complications
Decreased survival was noted among patients with (A) any major bleeding complication, (B) retroperitoneal bleeding, (C) major external femoral bleeding, or (D) major hematoma. Patient numbers at risk are presented below the figure.
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Figure 4 Kaplan-Meier Curves Depicting Long-Term Survival of Patients With or Without Blood Transfusion
Decreased long-term survival was noted among patients receiving blood transfusion, with greatest risk observed among patients receiving blood transfusion of  3 U. Patient numbers at risk are presented below the figure.
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